基于生理发育时间的水稻发育期预测方法

水稻发育期模型研究是开展现代农业气象服务工作的基础。基于作物生理发育时间守恒原理,综合考虑温度和日长因子对水稻发育期的影响,利用云南省12个农气观测站2011—2014年水稻发育期观测和地面气象观测资料,分别构建并验证了适用于籼稻种植区和粳稻种植区的发育期预报模型。结果表明,2套模型在全发育期和各发育阶段的预报值与观测值模拟效果总体较好,平均全发育期RMSE值为7.47,RE值为7.99%,粳稻模型和籼稻模型的RE值分别为6.49%和9.5%,粳稻区模拟效果优于籼稻区。模型生物学意义明确、参数通用性强,适用于农业气象业务服务中水稻发育期预测,具有推广应用价值。     

不同栽培模式和立地条件对楸树人工林生长的影响

以河南省洛阳市洛宁县的楸树人工林为研究对象，对比分析不同栽培模式和立地条件下楸树的生长状况。结果表明:1）由于林分密度和土壤性质的差别，农林间作条件下楸树的生长情况显著优于非农林间作；2）低密度条件下楸树的生长情况更好，但高密度条件下楸树的每公顷蓄积量更高；3）在进行非农林间作的30年生楸树林中，缓坡条件下的树高和胸径比陡坡分别增长了31.30%和40.48%，下坡位条件下的树高和胸径比上坡位分别增长了22.52%和25.97%，不同坡向条件下的树高和胸径无明显差异；4）土壤中的养分含量（有机质、全N、全P、碱解N和有效P）是促进楸树生长的关键因子，按贡献率大小排序为:有效P、碱解N>全N、全P>有机质。所以，在河南省洛阳市洛宁县及周边地区进行楸树栽培时，应选择农林间作（低密度）+非农林间作（高密度+缓坡+下坡位）的方式。     

福建省将乐县金溪建电站前后雨水情变化分析

本文通过对将乐县金溪建电站前的1953～1978年、建电站后的1990～2009年雨水情进行分析,结果表明:自然状态下的将乐县(1953～1978年)无论雨水大小,每年都有洪水超过警戒水位,年最大洪水发生时间在4～7月;1953～1978年有16年的当年最大洪峰水位发生在当年最大日降雨量当日至第16日内,频率为61.5...     

淹水条件下改良剂对苏打盐化草甸土的洗盐效应

为明确改良剂在苏打盐化草甸土不同深度土层的改良效果,采用室内淋溶土柱的试验方法,设置S0、S1、S2、S3、S4和S5(每个土柱横截面积0.0113 m~2)分别施用改良剂0.00、0.01、0.05、0.10、0.50 g和1.00 g,折合成公顷用量分别为0.0、8.9、44.3、88.5、442.5 kg·hm~(-2)和885.1 kg·hm~(-2))6个处理,分析淹水条件下不同改良剂用量对苏打盐化草甸土的洗盐效应。结果表明,与未施改良剂处理(S0)相比,S3、S4和S5处理显著降低不同土层(0～30cm)土壤容重(降幅3.88%～8.87%)、增加土壤孔隙度(增幅3.82%～9.38%)、降低土壤pH值(降幅2.36%～8.05%);S2、S3、S4和S5处理显著提高20～40 cm土壤水分入渗量,增幅55.9%～294.6%(P0.05);施用改良剂处理交换性Na~+含量在0～10 cm和10～20 cm土层显著降低,降幅4.84%～56.5%(P0.05),20～30 cm和30～40 cm土层中增幅1.09%～17.1%;S3、S4和S5处理0～10 cm土层电导率显著降低,降幅49.0%～60.4%(P0.05),20～40 cm土层显著增加,增幅3.68%～19.8%(P0.05);S2、S3、S4、S5处理10～20 cm土层碳酸根含量显著降低,降幅5.98%～23.4%(P0.05),S3、S4、S5处理0～30 cm土层碳酸氢根含量降幅1.49%～18.0%;S2、S3、S4和S5处理显著提高0～30 cm≥0.25 mm水稳性团聚体,增幅达16.4%～161.7%(P0.05);S3、S4和S5处理0～30 cm土层MWD显著增加,增幅达5.78%～161.7%(P0.05)。针对本次供试土壤盐渍化程度,综合改良效果及改良剂施用量,改良剂适宜用量为每个土柱0.10 g(88.5 kg·hm~(-2))(S3处理),可达到最优淋洗效果。     

不同播期夏播小豆产量性能动态指标与光温水效应

为探讨光、温、水等气象因子对夏播小豆产量的影响，达到合理利用气象资源、进一步挖掘小豆增产潜力的目的，以中晚熟小豆品种花小豆（V₁）和中早熟品系德红5261（V₂）为材料，设T₁（6月17日）、T₂（6月22日）、T₃（6月27日）、T₄（7月2日）和T₅（7月7日）5个播期，形成不同的光、温、水生长环境，对夏播小豆产量性能指标和光、温、水因子效应及气象因子资源量在小豆生育前期与后期的比值（分配率）进行测定和分析。结果表明，小豆产量、单株荚数和单株粒重随播期推迟先增加后逐渐降低，各播期的大小依次为：T₂>T₁>T₃>T₄>T₅，品种间产量差异极显著，V₂>V₁，每荚粒数和百粒重受播期影响较小；随着播期的推迟，小豆的生育天数、平均叶面积指数、总光合势逐渐减小，但收获指数相应增加。光、温、水因子对产量性能指标有明显的正负调节效应，V₁生育前期有效积温与产量、平均叶面积指数、生育天数、总光合势和平均作物生长率呈极显著正相关，与收获指数和平均净同化率呈极显著负相关；生育前期降水量与单位面积荚数呈极显著正相关；生育前期日照时数与平均叶面积指数、总光合势和平均作物生长率呈极显著正相关，与平均净同化率呈极显著负相关；生育后期有效积温与平均作物生长率呈显著正相关；生育后期日照时数与总光合势呈显著正相关。V₂生育前期有效积温与产量、单位面积荚数、平均叶面积指数、总光合势和平均作物生长率呈极显著正相关，与收获指数呈极显著负相关；生育前期降水量与平均叶面积指数和平均作物生长率呈显著负相关；生育前期日照时数与生育天数和总光合势呈极显著正相关，与产量呈显著正相关，与收获指数和每荚粒数呈极显著负相关；生育后期有效积温与平均叶面积指数、生育天数和总光合势呈极显著正相关，与收获指数、每荚粒数和百粒重呈极显著负相关；生育后期降水量与平均作物生长率呈极显著正相关。对气象因子资源量分配与小豆产量进行回归分析，得出不同小豆品种获得最高产量的最佳光、温、水资源量在生育前、后期的比值（分配率）及其组合，V₁为：生育天数1.86、有效积温2.27、降水量49.73、日照时数1.45；V₂为：生育天数1.45、有效积温1.49、降水量1.57、日照时数0.98。在德州地区，夏播小豆选用中早熟品系V₂在6月20日前后播种，生育期内光、温、水资源量的分配率及其组合最佳，可获得较高的产量。     

开封市公共气象服务发展探讨

公共气象服务是为政府决策、民生发展提供的一项基础性公共事业。该文通过阐述开封市公共气象服务发展的现状,对比国内气象服务工作,分析其中存在的问题,以充分发挥气象服务的社会效益、经济效益。     

Associations between postpartum diseases and milk yield and changes in body condition between drying off and parturition of dairy cows in Argentina

ABSTRACT

Aims: To assess the change in body condition score (BCS) during the early and late dry periods and its association with postpartum diseases and milk yield in grazing dairy cows from central Argentina.

Methods: BCS assessments during the dry period, and cow health and milk production records up to 90 days in milk (DIM), were collated for cows from 28 farms at monthly visits between 2007 and 2008. Cows were categorised into four groups; those in Group 1 (n=7,067) maintained or gained BCS during the early and late dry periods; Group 2 (n=2,615) maintained or gained BCS during the early dry period and lost BCS during the late dry period; Group 3 (n=1,989) lost BCS during the early dry period and maintained or gained BCS during the late dry period; and Group 4 (n=5,144) lost BCS during the early and late dry periods.

Results: Cows in Group 1 had reduced odds of having retained fetal membranes (RFM), metritis, and clinical mastitis up to 90 DIM than cows in Group 2 (p<0.001), but the odds of disease were similar to cows in Group 3. The odds of having RFM or clinical mastitis tended to be lower in cows in Group 1 than cows in Group 4 (p=0.08). The odds of cows being culled or dying during the first 90 DIM were lower for cows in Group 1 than for those in Groups 2, 3, and 4 (p≤0.05). Mean accumulated milk yield up to 90 DIM was higher in cows in Group 1 than Group 2 and Group 4 (p<0.001), but was similar to that of cows in Group 3 (p=0.28).

Conclusions and clinical relevance: Cows that lost BCS during the late dry period had increased odds of being diagnosed with several postpartum diseases and had decreased milk yield compared to cows that maintained or gained BCS during the entire dry period. Loss of BCS during any stage of the dry period was also associated with increased incidence of culling or death during the first 90 DIM. These results should raise awareness among dairy cattle producers of the importance of properly managing cow body condition during the dry period, especially during the late dry period.     

基于B/S的农业气象自动化观测系统国家级平台设计与应用

农业气象自动化观测系统国家级平台是依托中国气象局组织的农业气象自动化观测试点工作而设计开发,平台的搭建采用B/S架构实现多级用户、跨平台登录,采用XML及JSON等数据传输格式实现国家级、省级、台站级用户信息交互,实现农业气象观测XML数据传输状态的监控、台站端设备状态的评估以及数据内容的实时查询。     

延边地区烟草病毒病与气象因子关系的研究

为探明延边地区烟草病毒病的发病规律,为生产优质高产烟叶提供科学有效的病毒病预防措施,简要分析了延边地区2010和2011年病毒病与气象因子的关系.结果表明,延边地区进入6月份,当日平均温度高于16.0℃,烟草病毒病就可以发生.病毒病发病前10d的日平均温度高,日照时数大于6h的天数多,降雨量少的情况下,病毒病发生严重.     

Atmospheric humidity and genotype are key determinants of the diurnal stomatal conductance pattern

Great understanding of the genotypic difference in diurnal stomatal conductance (g_s) pattern and the key determinants of the pattern is important for saving water by adopting cultivars appropriately. Fifteen wheat genotypes were studied under different soil conditions and various meteorological conditions with pot cultivation in rain shelter for two years. Genotype and air humidity were found to be key determinants of diurnal g_s pattern. All genotypes under low relative humidity (LRH) and most genotypes under high relative humidity (HRH) displayed a gradual decline pattern from morning through the afternoon. Under moderate relative humidity (MRH), all genotypes present a single-peak curve pattern, but they differed in peak time, which may lead to unreliable g_s comparison between genotypes and get ostensible contrasting materials. The stomatal conductance was significantly different among genotypes under LRH and the increased g_s magnitude is also significantly different when it was compared between LRH and HRH. The present results provide new thinking for selecting and adopting appropriate cultivars with specific stomata traits for the area with various meteorological conditions.